Question 1

Refer to the accompanying diagram of the ear to answer the question(s)  below. 
-The structure involved in equalizing the pressure between the ear and the atmosphere is represented by which number?

Accepted Answer

A)   7
B)   1
C)   8
D)   9
E)   10F) None of the above
G) A) and E)

Question 2

Refer to this diagram of the ear to answer the question(s)  below. 
-Hair cells are found in structures represented by which numbers?

Accepted Answer

A)   1 and 2
B)   3 and 4
C)   5 and 7
D)   6 and 8
E)   9 and 10F) D) and E)
G) All of the above

Question 3

Two students studying physiology taste a known "bitter" substance. Student A reports sensing both a bitter taste and a salty taste, but student B reports only a salty taste. What is the most logical explanation?

Accepted Answer

A)   Student A had an allergic reaction to the food, causing him to perceive the food as being bitter.
B)   Student A has normal "bitter" taste buds; student B has defective "bitter" taste buds that result in lower sensitivity to bitterness.
C)   Student A has a protein receptor capable of detecting a bitter molecule found in that substance, whereas student B lacks that particular protein receptor.
D)   Student A has normal saliva, whereas student B's saliva is more alkaline than normal.E) None of the above
F) All of the above

Question 4

The ampullae of Lorenzini in sharks are used for ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   mechanoreception
B)   thermoreception
C)   electroreception
D)   magnetoreception
E)   photoreceptionF) C) and E)
G) All of the above

Question 5

Partial or complete loss of hearing (deafness)  can be caused by damage to the ________.
I. axons of the neurons associated with each hair cell that carry information to the brain
II. hair cells (the sensory receptors)  in the cochlea
III. tympanic membrane, or eardrum

Accepted Answer

A)   only II
B)   only III
C)   only I and II
D)   only II and III
E)   I, II, and IIIF) C) and D)
G) B) and E)

Question 6

Deafness caused by loud sounds often results from damage to which receptor cells?

Accepted Answer

A)   thermoreceptors
B)   mechanoreceptors
C)   chemoreceptors
D)   electroreceptors
E)   nociceptorsF) A) and C)
G) B) and D)

Question 7

It can be very difficult to select an angle for sneaking up to a grasshopper to catch it because grasshoppers have ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   excellent hearing for detecting predators
B)   compound eyes with multiple ommatidia
C)   eyes with multiple fovea
D)   a camera-like eye with multiple fovea
E)   binocular visionF) A) and B)
G) B) and D)

Question 8

How would an abnormally large oval window in a mouse affect that animal's hearing?

Accepted Answer

A)   The mouse could detect noise at much lower volumes.
B)   The mouse could detect noise in a much broader range of frequencies.
C)   Hearing ability would be reduced in comparison with normal mice.
D)   Hearing is not affected by the size of the oval window.E) None of the above
F) All of the above

Question 9

Hair cells in the vertebrate ear are responsible for transducing sound pressure waves. Ion channels in the hair cell membrane open when ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   a chemical ligand binds to the ion channel
B)   light is absorbed by a molecule in the membrane
C)   the cell membrane reaches a threshold voltage
D)   the membrane is distorted mechanicallyE) None of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 10

External chemical signals that coordinate potential reproductive partners are called ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   hormones
B)   pheromones
C)   paracrine signals
D)   cytokines
E)   gametesF) A) and B)
G) C) and D)

Question 11

Which of the following would explain why a person was able to hear only high-frequency sounds?

Accepted Answer

A)   The tympanum is damaged because of chronic ear infections.
B)   The basilar membrane is stiffened along its entire length.
C)   The ear ossicles are abnormally thickened.
D)   All of these problems could result in inability to detect low-frequency sound.E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 12

Animals that can detect ultraviolet (UV)  light differ from humans by having ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   larger eyes that can collect more UV light
B)   UV-specific opsins that extend their visible light spectrum
C)   thicker retinas that can capture UV light more efficiently
D)   additional visual sensors to allow detection of different light typesE) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

Question 13

Bat echolocation (sonar)  is most closely related to which human sensory system?

Accepted Answer

A)   hearing
B)   smell
C)   taste
D)   touch
E)   visionF) B) and D)
G) A) and E)

Question 14

The transduction of sound waves into action potentials by the human ear takes place ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   within the tectorial membrane as it is stimulated by the hair cells
B)   when hair cells are bent against the tectorial membrane, causing them to depolarize and release neurotransmitter that stimulates sensory neurons
C)   as the basilar membrane becomes more permeable to sodium ions and depolarizes, initiating an action potential in a sensory neuron
D)   as the basilar membrane vibrates at different frequencies in response to the varying volume of sounds
E)   within the middle ear as the vibrations are amplified by the malleus, incus, and stapesF) A) and D)
G) D) and E)

Question 15

The umami receptor in the sense of taste detects ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   glucose
B)   sodium ions
C)   potassium ions
D)   hydrogen ions
E)   the amino acid glutamateF) A) and B)
G) A) and C)

Question 16

The middle ear converts ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   air pressure waves to fluid pressure waves
B)   fluid pressure waves to air pressure waves
C)   air pressure waves to nerve impulses
D)   fluid pressure waves to nerve impulses
E)   air pressure waves to hair cell movementsF) C) and D)
G) A) and B)

Question 17

What structures would neurobiologists look for if they are interested in determining if an animal can see in color?

Accepted Answer

A)   opsins
B)   electroreceptors
C)   pupil
D)   lensE) C) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 18

Most mammals have 1000 or more genes that encode receptor proteins on the surface of odor-receptor neurons, so why do some mammals have a better sense of smell than others?

Accepted Answer

A)   Some of the genes actively transcribing receptor proteins in some species are completely absent in other species.
B)   Some of the genes that code for receptor proteins may have been mutated and rendered inactive in some species but not in others.
C)   Some species, particularly humans, rely much less on odor detection for survival; thus, the genes have mutated to encode proteins that aid in other senses, such as sight.
D)   Some species of mammals have a larger set of "basic odors" than other species.E) B) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 19

The cochlea ________.
I. amplifies sound vibrations
II. collects sound pressure waves
III. detects the frequency of sounds

Accepted Answer

A)   only I
B)   only II
C)   only III
D)   only II and III
E)   I, II, and IIIF) D) and E)
G) A) and B)

Question 20

What would happen if an enzyme inhibitor for the enzyme phosphodiesterase (PDE)  was applied to a vertebrate eye?

Accepted Answer

A)   The opsins found in cones would not be differentiated into the red, blue, and green proteins, causing the animals to be color blind.
B)   The cGMP-gated sodium channels would remain open, glutamate would be continuously discharged at the synapses, and the brain would not detect light absorbed by the rod cells.
C)   The lens could not be appropriately adjusted to focus light on the retina, resulting in either nearsightedness or farsightedness.
D)   All of the listed responses are correct.E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

Exam 44: Animal Sensory Systems

Bat echolocation (sonar) is most closely related to which human sensory system?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Hair cells in the vertebrate ear are responsible for transducing sound pressure waves. Ion channels in the hair cell membrane open when ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Partial or complete loss of hearing (deafness) can be caused by damage to the ________. I. axons of the neurons associated with each hair cell that carry information to the brain II. hair cells (the sensory receptors) in the cochlea III. tympanic membrane, or eardrum

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What structures would neurobiologists look for if they are interested in determining if an animal can see in color?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Two students studying physiology taste a known "bitter" substance. Student A reports sensing both a bitter taste and a salty taste, but student B reports only a salty taste. What is the most logical explanation?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The middle ear converts ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

External chemical signals that coordinate potential reproductive partners are called ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following would explain why a person was able to hear only high-frequency sounds?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The transduction of sound waves into action potentials by the human ear takes place ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The cochlea ________. I. amplifies sound vibrations II. collects sound pressure waves III. detects the frequency of sounds

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The umami receptor in the sense of taste detects ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Refer to the accompanying diagram of the ear to answer the question(s) below. -The structure involved in equalizing the pressure between the ear and the atmosphere is represented by which number?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

It can be very difficult to select an angle for sneaking up to a grasshopper to catch it because grasshoppers have ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The ampullae of Lorenzini in sharks are used for ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

How would an abnormally large oval window in a mouse affect that animal's hearing?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Deafness caused by loud sounds often results from damage to which receptor cells?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Refer to this diagram of the ear to answer the question(s) below. -Hair cells are found in structures represented by which numbers?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Animals that can detect ultraviolet (UV) light differ from humans by having ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Most mammals have 1000 or more genes that encode receptor proteins on the surface of odor-receptor neurons, so why do some mammals have a better sense of smell than others?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What would happen if an enzyme inhibitor for the enzyme phosphodiesterase (PDE) was applied to a vertebrate eye?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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