Question 1

A student watches for shooting stars on a clear night,and sees one approximately every two minutes.This is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-ratio
B)  fixed-interval
C)  variable-ratio
D)  variable-intervalE) All of the above
F) B) and D)

Question 2

Why is dopamine believed to be involved in reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A)  Dopamine release in rats is triggered by primary and secondary reinforcers.
B)  Presentation of reinforcers leads to activity in brain areas known to receive dopaminergic input.
C)  Blocking dopamine activity leads to extinction of reinforced responses.
D)  All of the answers are correct.E) B) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 3

For punishment to be MOST effective:

Accepted Answer

A)  it should start out weak and become gradually stronger each time the behavior is repeated.
B)  the organism should know under what circumstances a particular behavior will and will not be punished.
C)  the behavior cannot be concurrently reinforced.
D)  All of the answers are correct.E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 4

If a little boy can hear his mother moving around in the kitchen downstairs in the morning,he can be fairly certain that it is time to get up and have his breakfast.The discriminative stimulus in this example is:

Accepted Answer

A)  breakfast.
B)  the sounds of the mother moving around.
C)  the little boy.
D)  the kitchen.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 5

Discuss the evidence suggesting that dopamine is involved in reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

Grading criteria: (1)Primary and seconda...

Question 6

Andrea is trying to stop biting her nails.Whenever she gets the urge to bit her nails,she forces herself to count to 100 before giving in to her urge.This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)  extinction.
B)  distancing.
C)  reinforcement of alternative behaviors.
D)  delayed reinforcement.E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 7

What is the main difference between classical and operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Operant conditioning shows extinction but classical conditioning does not.
B)  Classical conditioning shows extinction but operant conditioning does not.
C)  In operant conditioning the outcome depends on the response,while in classical conditioning the outcome occurs,regardless of the response.
D)  In classical conditioning the outcome depends on the response,while in operant conditioning the outcome occurs,regardless of the response.E) C) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 8

According to the Premack principle,if a teenager would rather go shopping than clean her room:

Accepted Answer

A)  her desire to clean her room will be increased by restricting her access to going shopping.
B)  her desire to go shopping will be increased by restricting her access to cleaning her room.
C)  allowing her to go shopping could be used as a reward for cleaning her room.
D)  cleaning her room could be used as a reward for going shopping.E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 9

A professor gives her class donuts every Monday.This is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-ratio
B)  fixed-interval
C)  variable-ratio
D)  variable-intervalE) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 10

Interfering with dopamine seems to:

Accepted Answer

A)  impair motor responses but have no effect on enjoyment of a reinforcer.
B)  reduce enjoyment of a reinforcer but have no effect on motor responses.
C)  reduce motivation to perform a behavior but have no effect on enjoyment of a reinforcer.
D)  reduce enjoyment of a reinforcer but have no effect on motivation to perform a behavior.E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 11

Describe how the distinction between wanting a drug and liking a drug is implemented in the brain.

Accepted Answer

Grading criteria: Di...

Question 12

What is extinction mimicry? What are two explanations for it?

Accepted Answer

Grading criteria: An example of extincti...

Question 13

Explain how operant conditioning is different from classical conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Grading criteria: In operant c...

Question 14

According to the Premack principle,if a child would rather wash dishes than do homework:

Accepted Answer

A)  homework could be used as a reward for washing dishes.
B)  washing dishes could be used as a reward for doing homework.
C)  the child's desire to do homework will be increased by restricting access to washing dishes.
D)  the child's desire to do dishes will be increased by restricting access to doing homework.E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 15

Describe how you could use shaping to get a child to do his homework.

Accepted Answer

Grading criteria: The answer must break ...

Question 16

The study of how organisms allocate their time and resources among possible options is known as:

Accepted Answer

A)  the matching law.
B)  behavioral economics.
C)  chaining.
D)  shaping.E) All of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 17

A baseball player gets a hit approximately every third time at bat.This is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-ratio
B)  fixed-interval
C)  variable-ratio
D)  variable-intervalE) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 18

According to the law of effect,Thorndike's cats learned to escape the puzzle box because:

Accepted Answer

A)  making the correct sequence of responses led to a desirable outcome.
B)  they instinctively knew how to escape.
C)  they acquired an understanding of what they needed to do in order to escape.
D)  they learned the correct sequence of responses by watching other cats escape from similar boxes.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 19

If the lights are on in a diner,a potential customer can be pretty sure that opening the door to the diner and sitting down will lead to being served a meal.The discriminative stimulus in this example is:

Accepted Answer

A)  the diner.
B)  the door.
C)  the lights being on.
D)  getting a meal.E) None of the above
F) B) and D)

Question 20

Suppose you want to stop your bad habit of eating too much chocolate.Describe how you could do this using (1)distancing, (2)reinforcement of alternative behaviors,and (3)delayed reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

Grading criteria: (1)Distancing: stay aw...

Exam 5: Operant Conditioning: Learning the Outcome of Behaviors

A professor gives her class donuts every Monday.This is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If the lights are on in a diner,a potential customer can be pretty sure that opening the door to the diner and sitting down will lead to being served a meal.The discriminative stimulus in this example is:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to the Premack principle,if a child would rather wash dishes than do homework:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Interfering with dopamine seems to:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Discuss the evidence suggesting that dopamine is involved in reinforcement.

Correct AnswerverifiedGrading criteria: (1)Primary and seconda...View AnswerShow Answer

What is extinction mimicry? What are two explanations for it?

Correct AnswerverifiedGrading criteria: An example of extincti...View AnswerShow Answer

What is the main difference between classical and operant conditioning?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A baseball player gets a hit approximately every third time at bat.This is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Explain how operant conditioning is different from classical conditioning.

Correct AnswerverifiedGrading criteria: In operant c...View AnswerShow Answer

Andrea is trying to stop biting her nails.Whenever she gets the urge to bit her nails,she forces herself to count to 100 before giving in to her urge.This is an example of:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If a little boy can hear his mother moving around in the kitchen downstairs in the morning,he can be fairly certain that it is time to get up and have his breakfast.The discriminative stimulus in this example is:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Describe how you could use shaping to get a child to do his homework.

Correct AnswerverifiedGrading criteria: The answer must break ...View AnswerShow Answer

According to the law of effect,Thorndike's cats learned to escape the puzzle box because:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Suppose you want to stop your bad habit of eating too much chocolate.Describe how you could do this using (1)distancing, (2)reinforcement of alternative behaviors,and (3)delayed reinforcement.

Correct AnswerverifiedGrading criteria: (1)Distancing: stay aw...View AnswerShow Answer

According to the Premack principle,if a teenager would rather go shopping than clean her room:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The study of how organisms allocate their time and resources among possible options is known as:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A student watches for shooting stars on a clear night,and sees one approximately every two minutes.This is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Why is dopamine believed to be involved in reinforcement?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Describe how the distinction between wanting a drug and liking a drug is implemented in the brain.

Correct AnswerverifiedGrading criteria: Di...View AnswerShow Answer

For punishment to be MOST effective:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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Grading criteria: (1)Primary and seconda...
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Grading criteria: An example of extincti...
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Grading criteria: In operant c...
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Grading criteria: The answer must break ...
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Grading criteria: (1)Distancing: stay aw...
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Grading criteria: Di...
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Correct Answer
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