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Exam 8: The Adaptive Mind Learning

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Question 1

Multiple Choice

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In Garcia and Koelling's taste aversion study, why were the rats unable to associate a bright-noisy stimulus with feeling ill?

A) The rats lacked the cognitive ability to do so.
B) The rats enjoyed the bright-noisy stimulus enough to tolerate their illness.
C) The rats relied more on taste and smell rather than vision and hearing for identifying food.
D) The rats were so distracted or frightened by the bright-noisy stimulus they did not notice they were ill.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

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Question 2

Multiple Choice

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Steve and Bethany both work full time. Because Steve usually arrives home first, he takes on the burden of cooking and cleaning, but he is becoming frustrated with the current division of chores. Which of the following learning approaches is likely to work best to increase Bethany's participation in the household duties?

A) Steve should consistently comment upon Bethany's lack of help with cooking and dish washing until her behavior changes.
B) Steve should refuse to cook and clean, forcing Bethany to realize how her actions affect their relationship.
C) Steve should ignore negative behaviors and reward positive behaviors, gradually increasing Bethany's participation in cooking and dish washing.
D) Steve should make a list of how all of Bethany's behaviors have affected his life.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and C)

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C

Question 3

Multiple Choice

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What type of stimulus elicits a response without prior experience-that is, without learning having taken place?

Tim would like to stop drinking alcohol, but he is finding it difficult to resist the urge to drink when he meets up with friends. Tim's therapist reassures him that if he can resist the urge to drink during these social events, his cravings for alcohol will diminish even further, eventually fading away. What process is Tim's therapist describing?

Copying a behavior that is unlikely to occur naturally and spontaneously is referred to as

After a stressful day of work, Jamie often takes two aspirin, which she feels helps to relieve her stress and anxiety. This type of behavior is an example of

What type of reinforcement schedule depends on the number of times a behavior occurs?

Which of the following would decrease the likelihood of acquisition?

A reinforcer that gains value from being associated with other things that are valued is called a(n) _____ reinforcer.

Ivan, who is 16 years old, has been staying up all night playing online video games and his grades are dropping. As a result, he is grounded by his parents. He is not allowed to play video games, go to his friends' houses, or use his cellphone for one week. His parents' actions illustrate

According to Rescorla and Wagner, the association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus is strongest when the association is

As a child, Jordan would jump excitedly when the Sponge Bob Square Pants theme song started playing on the television, receiving laughter and attention from adults for the excited jumping. Now that Jordan is a teenager, adults no longer direct laughter and attention at the excited jumping, and Jordan no longer reacts to the familiar theme song. This scenario illustrates the process of

Which of the following processes is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience?

Determining whether an action constitutes reinforcement or punishment requires understanding of the

Jonah is playing on his tablet one evening, when his father asks him to finish up and get ready to take a bath. Jonah nods but completely ignores the request. After a few minutes his father repeats the request with a slightly sterner voice. Jonah says, "Okay, let me just finish this game." Ten minutes later, when Jonah has clearly played several more games, his father repeats the request but with a firm voice. Jonah, knowing that his father is getting angry, puts down the tablet, and goes to take a bath. Jonah's different responding to different "voices" from his father illustrates

The development of a conditioned response is called

Which of the following is an example of a conditioned reinforcer?

A schedule of partial reinforcement in which the first response after a specified period of time will be reinforced is called a _____ schedule.

Learning that involves changes in the magnitude of responses to a specific stimulus without forming connections between stimuli is referred to as _____ learning.

Which of the following is likely to provide the most powerful method for managing behavior?