Question 1

Albert Bandura, like Edward Tolman, suggests that organisms store cognitive representations of learned responses that they may or may not perform depending on the reinforcement possibilities.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A)   grounding a teenager for missing curfew
B)   making a child sit in the corner until they say "I'm sorry"
C)   giving a student extra credit for class participation
D)   allowing a student to take a make-up examE) A) and B)
F) A) and D)

Question 3

____________________ reinforcers include things such as food, water, warmth, and sex, which are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ____________________ reinforcers include things such as food,...

Question 4

In positive reinforcement the response is strengthened as a result of the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus; in negative reinforcement a response is strengthened as a result of the removal of a desirable stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Compare the acquisition procedures in classical and operant conditioning. What is the essential difference between the two types of conditioning?

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, a neutral sti...

Question 6

A toddler has an established conditioned fear of snow, over the past few weeks every time he sees Santa Claus, snow is always present. This example is an illustration of higher-order conditioning.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as

Accepted Answer

A)   insight learning.
B)   latent learning.
C)   classical conditioning.
D)   operant conditioning.E) None of the above
F) B) and D)

Question 8

In terms of the traditional view of conditioning, research on conditioned taste aversion was surprising because

Accepted Answer

A)   there was a long delay between CS and US.
B)   the dislike of a particular taste was operantly conditioned.
C)   conditioning occurred to all stimuli present when the food was consumed.
D)   the sense of taste seems to be relatively weak.E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 9

Food would be considered a(n) ____________________ reinforcer, while money would be considered a(n) ____________________ reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Food would be considered a(n) ____________________ reinforcer,...

Question 10

Pat takes a prescription medication in order to reduce pain and Kelly takes the same medication in order to experience a "drug high." Pat's behavior is reinforced by ____ reinforcement and Kelly's behavior by ____ reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)   negative; positive
B)   positive; negative
C)   positive; positive
D)   negative; negativeE) All of the above
F) B) and D)

Question 11

Preparedness suggests that people would MOST easily develop phobias toward

Accepted Answer

A)   knives.
B)   electrical outlets.
C)   snakes.
D)   all three of these things.E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 12

Imagine a husband and wife asking Bandura for advice on how they should teach their young child to say "please" and "thank you". Which of the following would Bandura be MOST likely to suggest?

Accepted Answer

A)   punish the child when she fails to say "please" and "thank you"
B)   give the child positive reinforcement for saying "please" and "thank you"
C)   use negative reinforcement and withhold the requested item until the child says "please"
D)   consistently say "please" and "thank you" in your interactions with othersE) All of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 13

A wild animal, such as a wolf, eats a new food that has a novel taste, an unusual color, and an unusual form or shape that it finds at a place where it had never found food before. Hours after eating the food the wolf develops nausea. In the future the wolf would be most likely to avoid foods ____ as the new food.

Accepted Answer

A)   found at the same place
B)   of the same color
C)   of the same taste
D)   of the same form or shapeE) C) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 14

Businesses often provide good meals and pleasant surroundings when initially meeting with new clients. In these situations, clients may develop positive feelings toward their business host and the company he or she represents. If this occurs, then the pleasant surroundings have functioned as

Accepted Answer

A)   a conditioned stimulus.
B)   a discriminative stimulus.
C)   secondary reinforcers.
D)   an unconditioned stimulus.E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

Question 15

Any event that follows a behavior and results in the behavior having a lower probability of happening in the future is known as a

Accepted Answer

A)   negative reinforcer.
B)   positive reinforcer.
C)   punisher.
D)   vicarious conditioner.E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

Question 16

A political candidate uses a negative campaign commercial in which the candidate's opponent is shown alongside a negative image of an angry mob. The intent of the commercial is to cause voters to

Accepted Answer

A)   have an accurate contrast between the candidate and the opponent.
B)   realize the opponent was the individual who angered the mob in the first place.
C)   associate the opponent with a negative emotional response.
D)   associate positive emotional responses with the candidate who sponsored the commercial.E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

Question 17

Some studies have suggested that operant conditioning can elicit allergic reactions and may contribute to the growth of drug tolerances.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Studies of response-outcome relations and reinforcement have found that

Accepted Answer

A)   operant behavior is automatically strengthened when it is followed by desirable consequences.
B)   people actively reason out the relations between responses and the outcomes that follow.
C)   there are species-specific predispositions to form certain types of associations.
D)   on concurrent schedules of reinforcement, organisms emit responses that maximize the total number of reinforcers they will receive.E) C) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 19

Which of the following is not one of the text's guidelines for making punishment more effective?

Accepted Answer

A)   explain the punishment
B)   use noncorporal punishments, such as withdrawal of privileges
C)   use a severe punishment
D)   apply the punishment swiftlyE) None of the above
F) A) and C)

Question 20

Many parenting books, dog training manuals, and business management approaches all advocate the use of operant conditioning techniques to encourage desirable behavior in children, pets, and employees. The widespread knowledge of, and application of conditioning techniques, reflects the unifying theme in psychology that

Accepted Answer

A)   behavior is determined by multiple causes.
B)   psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.
C)   heredity and environment jointly influence behavior.
D)   our behavior is shaped by our cultural heritage.E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

Exam 12: Learning Part 2

Correct Answer
verified

A toddler has an established conditioned fear of snow, over the past few weeks every time he sees Santa Claus, snow is always present. This example is an illustration of higher-order conditioning.

Correct Answer
verified

Food would be considered a(n) reinforcer, while money would be considered a(n) reinforcer.

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

A political candidate uses a negative campaign commercial in which the candidate's opponent is shown alongside a negative image of an angry mob. The intent of the commercial is to cause voters to

Correct Answer
verified

In positive reinforcement the response is strengthened as a result of the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus; in negative reinforcement a response is strengthened as a result of the removal of a desirable stimulus.

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

Correct Answer
verified

Preparedness suggests that people would MOST easily develop phobias toward

Correct Answer
verified

____________________ reinforcers include things such as food, water, warmth, and sex, which are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs.

Correct Answer
verified

Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as

Correct Answer
verified

In terms of the traditional view of conditioning, research on conditioned taste aversion was surprising because

Correct Answer
verified

Any event that follows a behavior and results in the behavior having a lower probability of happening in the future is known as a

Correct Answer
verified

Studies of response-outcome relations and reinforcement have found that

Correct Answer
verified

Pat takes a prescription medication in order to reduce pain and Kelly takes the same medication in order to experience a "drug high." Pat's behavior is reinforced by reinforcement and Kelly's behavior by reinforcement.

Correct Answer
verified

Which of the following is not one of the text's guidelines for making punishment more effective?

Correct Answer
verified

Imagine a husband and wife asking Bandura for advice on how they should teach their young child to say "please" and "thank you". Which of the following would Bandura be MOST likely to suggest?

Correct Answer
verified

Some studies have suggested that operant conditioning can elicit allergic reactions and may contribute to the growth of drug tolerances.

Correct Answer
verified

Albert Bandura, like Edward Tolman, suggests that organisms store cognitive representations of learned responses that they may or may not perform depending on the reinforcement possibilities.

Correct Answer
verified

Compare the acquisition procedures in classical and operant conditioning. What is the essential difference between the two types of conditioning?

Correct Answer
verified
In classical conditioning, a neutral sti...
View Answer

Businesses often provide good meals and pleasant surroundings when initially meeting with new clients. In these situations, clients may develop positive feelings toward their business host and the company he or she represents. If this occurs, then the pleasant surroundings have functioned as

Correct Answer
verified

Exam 12: Learning Part 2

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A toddler has an established conditioned fear of snow, over the past few weeks every time he sees Santa Claus, snow is always present. This example is an illustration of higher-order conditioning.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Food would be considered a(n) ____________________ reinforcer, while money would be considered a(n) ____________________ reinforcer.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A political candidate uses a negative campaign commercial in which the candidate's opponent is shown alongside a negative image of an angry mob. The intent of the commercial is to cause voters to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In positive reinforcement the response is strengthened as a result of the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus; in negative reinforcement a response is strengthened as a result of the removal of a desirable stimulus.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Preparedness suggests that people would MOST easily develop phobias toward

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

____________________ reinforcers include things such as food, water, warmth, and sex, which are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In terms of the traditional view of conditioning, research on conditioned taste aversion was surprising because

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Any event that follows a behavior and results in the behavior having a lower probability of happening in the future is known as a

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Studies of response-outcome relations and reinforcement have found that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Pat takes a prescription medication in order to reduce pain and Kelly takes the same medication in order to experience a "drug high." Pat's behavior is reinforced by ____ reinforcement and Kelly's behavior by ____ reinforcement.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is not one of the text's guidelines for making punishment more effective?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Imagine a husband and wife asking Bandura for advice on how they should teach their young child to say "please" and "thank you". Which of the following would Bandura be MOST likely to suggest?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Some studies have suggested that operant conditioning can elicit allergic reactions and may contribute to the growth of drug tolerances.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Albert Bandura, like Edward Tolman, suggests that organisms store cognitive representations of learned responses that they may or may not perform depending on the reinforcement possibilities.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Compare the acquisition procedures in classical and operant conditioning. What is the essential difference between the two types of conditioning?

Correct AnswerverifiedIn classical conditioning, a neutral sti...View AnswerShow Answer

Businesses often provide good meals and pleasant surroundings when initially meeting with new clients. In these situations, clients may develop positive feelings toward their business host and the company he or she represents. If this occurs, then the pleasant surroundings have functioned as

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Food would be considered a(n) reinforcer, while money would be considered a(n) reinforcer.

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Pat takes a prescription medication in order to reduce pain and Kelly takes the same medication in order to experience a "drug high." Pat's behavior is reinforced by reinforcement and Kelly's behavior by reinforcement.

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
In classical conditioning, a neutral sti...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified